From Nuffnang

Saturday, October 31, 2026

"Patikim ng Pinya" Starring Rosanna Roces

Patikim ng Pinya (Tagalog: Let Me Taste the Pineapple)  is a 1996 erotic comedy-drama film directed by Rico Mambo from a screenplay co-written by Humilde Roxas, Salvador Royales, and Nerdie Cruz. Produced by Seiko Films, the movie follows Myra, a pineapple seller desired by men around her.

At the time of the film's showing, the double-meaning title Patikim ng Pinya got the attention of the government agency Movie and Television Review and Classification Board.

In Tagalog ribald discourse, pinya can be interpreted by  p___ niya (Tagalog: her p____). P___ refers to female genitalia.


PLOT

Myra and Loretta, a fruit supplier and her younger sister, have lived together ever since they were abandoned by their parents. Force to become the breadwinner, Myra supported Loretta's education. 

Their uncle is a law-school dropout called Attorney. Although the sisters do not live with him, Attorney serves as their father figure and trusted adviser.

To attract customers, Myra often relies on her beauty and charm, even allowing some men to ogle or touch her. Loretta strongly disapproves of this behavior and frequently clashes with her sister over it.

Their conflict worsens when Myra visits Loretta's school to pay her tuition. Wearing revealing clothing, she attracts unwanted attention from nearly every man on campus, from the principal to the students.

The female teachers are scandalized, and Loretta is embarrassed when a teacher reprimands her because of the disturbance Myra has caused. The incident leads to another heated argument between the sisters at home.

Meanwhile, Loretta is being courted by Edgar, who constantly pressures her into having a sexual relationship. Despite his persistence, she repeatedly refuses.

One morning, Edgar visits the sisters' house looking for Loretta. While Loretta is in the bathroom, Edgar waits in the living room. Suddenly, Myra screams when a lizard falls on her while she is wrapped only in a towel. 

Edgar rushes to rescue Myra, and Loretta arrives just in time to witness the scene. Misinterpreting what she sees, Loretta becomes even more resentful toward her sister.

A few days later, Loretta goes to Edgar's house and attempts to give herself to him. Although Edgar hesitates at first, he eventually gives in. However, their intimate moment is interrupted when Edgar's mother unexpectedly returns home from the market.

Elsewhere, Juanito lives with his partner, Cynthia, a beautician. Cynthia shoulders nearly all of their household expenses while Juanito remains unemployed. She eventually loses patience and throws him out of the house.

While wandering around aimlessly, Juanito comes across Myra struggling to repair her jeep. He offers to help and manages to get the vehicle running by pushing it and giving the engine a sharp kadyot or jolt. Myra assumes the favor is free, but Juanito demands one hundred pesos. The two part ways without even introducing themselves.

Carrying gifts, Juanito later returns to Cynthia in hopes of reconciling, but she still refuses to take him back. Left with nowhere to go, he resumes his wandering.

One night, Myra is driving with Attorney when they accidentally hit an unconscious man on the road. When they approach him, they discover that the victim is Juanito. They bring him to Myra's home and learn that he has developed amnesia.

While caring for him, Myra begins calling him Kadyot, inspired by the way he had repaired her jeep. On her uncle's suggestion, she pretends to be his wife to provide him with a sense of identity while he suffers from memory loss. They also tell him that he lost his memory after being beaten by local thugs.

As time passes, Myra gradually falls in love with Kadyot, especially after he defends her from harassers. Unbeknownst to her, Loretta also develops feelings for him. She attempts to seduce Kadyot, but Myra intervenes, leading to yet another bitter quarrel between the sisters.

After their argument, Loretta goes back to Edgar. This time, their relationship finally becomes physical.

While all this is happening, Cynthia continues searching for Juanito. Accompanying her is Paolo, a devoted admirer who steadily becomes her source of support.

One day, Myra decides to examine Kadyot's belongings. She discovers his true identity as Juanito and immediately visits Cynthia's home to learn more. However, she arrives only to find Cynthia leaving for America with Paolo.

Back at Myra's house, Loretta once again tries to seduce Kadyot. When Myra catches them in a compromising situation, she angrily throws Loretta out. In retaliation, Loretta reveals the truth about Kadyot's identity and exposes Myra's deception.

Shocked and confused, Kadyot leaves the house. While wandering the streets, he is struck by a tricycle and taken to the hospital. When he regains consciousness, all of his memories as Juanito return.

After recovering, Juanito returns to the home he once shared with Cynthia, only to discover that new tenants now live there. From them, he learns how desperately Cynthia searched for him before finally giving up.

In time, Myra and Loretta reconcile and mend their fractured relationship.

One day, Myra's jeep breaks down yet again. While lying beneath the vehicle and struggling with the exhaust pipe, a man approaches and offers to help. Smiling, he remarks, "Maybe it just needs one little kadyot."

Myra looks up and realizes it is Juanito. Overjoyed, she embraces him and insists that they are husband and wife. Juanito, bewildered, points out that they have only met twice.

Still, Myra refuses to back down. Finally, Juanito asks playfully, "If I'm really your husband, then what's my name?"

Without hesitation, Myra replies:

"Kadyot!"


MAIN CAST

Rosanna Roces    ...    Myra
Leandro Baldemor ... Juanito / Kadyot
Natasha Ledesma ... Loretta
Dencio Padilla ... Attorney
Carol Dauden    ... Cynthia
Anton Bernardo ... Edgar
Joey Galvez ... Paolo


SELECTED CREW

Direction    ...    Rico Mambo
Story and Screenplay ... Humilde Roxas, Salvador Royales, and Nerdie Cruz
Cinematography ... Felizardo Bailen
Production Designer ... Raymond Bajarias
Editing ... Ferren Salumbides
Musical Direction ... Bienvenido Medina Jr.

Wednesday, September 30, 2026

What Is Sweet in "Pukyutan" (Honey Bee) - A Film from 2001?

Pukyutan (Tagalog: Honey Bee) is a 2001 erotic romantic drama film written by Efren C. Piñon and directed by Cesar S.B. Abella. Produced by El Niño Films, the movie follows Adora, a young woman who sells honey for a living. Amid challenges, Adora seeks to find happiness.


DVD Cover

Photo Credit: IMDb / Viva Video


PLOT

Adora is a young woman who grew up under the care of her aunt Lydia. She had been given up for adoption by her mother to her aunt Lydia due to poverty, grew up under Lydia's care.

Together with her friend Elsa, Adora sells honey from the bee farm of Artemio, a wealthy widower. Unknown to Adora, Artemio uses some of bottled honey to cover for drug trafficking. Lydia and her boyfriend Rading are the accomplices of Artemio.

Artemio develops an interest in Adora. Since Lydia is burdened with debts, she pushes her niece to get closer to the old man. However, Adora falls in love instead with Ernie, a medical student from Manila assigned to their village health center. 

During outings with Elsa and her boyfriend Rolly, Adora grows closer to Ernie. Nato, a friend secretly in love with Adora, gradually fades into the background. After a beach trip, Adora and Ernie become intimate. Ther encounter was unintentionally witnessed by the heartbroken Nato.

One day, Lydia orders Adora to get honey from Artemio. She directed her niece to dress nicely to catch the widower's attention. Adora brings Ernie along, who suspects something unusual about the bottles. When he opens one, he discovers drugs inside. 

Ernie reports this finding to the police, leading to the arrest of Artemio and Rading. Artemio's henchmen, Matias and Doming, managed to escape. Furious at Rading's imprisonment, Lydia drives Adora out, forcing her to stay with Elsa.

Later, Adora learns she is pregnant from her relationship with Ernie. Elsa reveals the news to Ernie, who is delighted but must return to Manila, promising to come back in a week. Time passes, and Ernie never returns.

Adora and Elsa eventually discover that Ernie married someone else and migrated to America. In her loneliness, Adora finds comfort in Nato. Nato supports her until she gives birth to her son, Honeyboy. Nato treats Honeyboy as his own child and the latter saw him as a father figure.

Adora and Elsa later succeed in business. Six years pass and Ernie returns, explaining that he was forced to marry due to his mother's wishes. Adora tells him she no longer loves him and that Nato is now the man she loves. 

Ernie attempts to take Honeyboy but fails. As he leaves, Doming spots him and informs Matias. Seeking revenge, they murder Ernie, though the police eventually capture them.

In the end, Elsa marries Rolly, while Adora marries Nato in a double wedding. The film closes with the newlyweds on their honeymoon, comically interrupted when Honeyboy arrives, wanting to sleep beside them.


MAIN CAST

Nini Jacinto ... Adora
Rita Magdalena ... Lydia
K.C. Castillo ... Elsa
Tony Manalo ... Artemio
Francis Enriquez ... Ernie
Mike Magat    ...    Rading
Shanghai    ... Rolly
Jeffrey Gonzales ... Nato
Nonong De Andres ... Matias
Vic Santos ... Doming
Ten-Ten    ...    Honeyboy


SELECTED CREW

Direction    ...    Cesar S.B. Abella
Story and Screenplay ... Efren C. Piñon
Cinematography ... Arnold Alvaro
Production Designer ... Erick Dela Cruz
Editing ... Popoy Crisostomo
Musical Direction ... Gerry Nisperos




Monday, August 31, 2026

Is There Something Delicious in "Masarap ang Unang Kagat" - A Film from 1998

Masarap ang Unang Kagat (Tagalog: Delicious Is the First Bite) is a 1998 erotic romantic drama film written and directed by Mike Macarena Jr. Produced by Starlight Films, the movie follows Lily, a madam who manages a group of call girls. Each of them navigates love, trauma, and redemption.

Original Movie Poster

Photo Credit: Starlight Films / Spot.ph


PLOT

Lily, a compassionate madam, manages a group of call girls who also do their best to get out of the "oldest profession." These women are Amy, Bianca, Dulce and Ester.

Amy, a law student, becomes entangled with Dave after providing services to his ailing father, Celestino. In a bizarre yet humorous twist, Celestino regains strength through intimacy with Amy, sparking a deeper bond between Amy and Dave. 

When Celestino requests for another paid sexual encouter, Dave reluctantly turns to Lily, who once again assigns Amy — blending erotic comedy with heartfelt romance.

Bianca, a stewardess, continues to seek sexual pleasure despite her stable career, only to realize that true fulfillment lies in motherhood.

Dulce is  a young woman exploited by her stepfather and later trapped in drugs and prostitution by Randy. Lily eventually rescue Dulce and pays off the latter's debts. After getting treatment at the rehab, Dulce becomes one of the call girls under Lily's care.

Ester, another woman under Lily’s care, falls in love with regular customer Jess. Though she initially distances herself, Jess proves his love is genuine. With Lily’s guidance, their romance flourishes, culminating in marriage.

Quirina, Lily's maid, provides the comic relief. She engages in pager chats with a man named Gardo, only to discover she was messaging herself. Her comic misadventures are balanced by the teasing affection of Romeo, Lily's driver.

Later it was revealed that Lily got involved in the business after parting ways with her fiance Gary. Due to class differences, Lily was forced to leave him.

The movie ends with the wedding of Ester and Jess. After catching the bouquet tossed by Ester, Lily found herself exchanging a meaningful glance with Gary who happened to be in the vicinity.



MAIN CAST

Karla Estrada    ...    Lily
Alma Soriano    ...    Amy
Lalaine Lacson    ...       Bianca
Kristina Kasten    ...    Dulce
Sabrina M.    ...    Ester
Jojo Abellana    ...    Dave
Don Pepot    ...    Celestino
Joel Sandoval    ...    Randy
Simon Ibarra    ...    Jess
Bobby Benitez    ...    Gary



SELECTED CREW

Direction, Story, and Screenplay    ...    Mike Macarena Jr.
Musical Direction    ...    William Yusi




Sunday, July 26, 2026

Cristina Gonzales as "Bad Girl"

Bad Girl is a 1991 romantic drama film written and directed by Mauro Gia Samonte. The film stars Cristina Gonzales and Zoren Legaspi as two lovers forced to separate from each other because of poverty. 

Original Movie Poster 

Photo Credit: Regal Films / IMDb / Video 48


PLOT

Maria and Paulito live in a quiet village where people live by fishing and harvesting coconuts.

Maria is the only daughter of Teban and Sioneng. She appears to be undergoing a transition from curiosity into an awareness of sexual desire.  

Paulito is the eldest son of Efren, a drunkard, and Idad, a maker of coconut sweets. Because of his father's vice, Paulito shoulders the responsibility of supporting his parents and younger siblings.

Maria initiated having a relationship with Paulito and they eventually became a couple.

Watching silently from the margins is Bolbot, a mentally challenged outcast. 

One fiesta day, the exploitative trader Mrs. Tantoco arrives in the village with her lover-aide Alex. She buys coconuts at 25 centavos and resells for seven pesos each. The villagers, dazzled by easy money, fail to realize that a major source of their livelihood is being depleted.

Unknown to everyone, Maria is already pregnant with Paulito's child. Burdened by his role as breadwinner and his father’s alcoholism, an unaware Paulito decides to leave the village.

Coincidentally, Mrs. Tantoco is about to depart for town with the harvested coconuts. Paulito pleads to join her and be given work. Mrs. Tantoco agrees, leaving Alex behind to oversee further harvests.

During this time, Alex attempts to rape Maria but is stopped by the locals. When Mrs. Tantoco returns, she discovers Alex's crime and shoots him herself. Maria entrusts a letter to Mrs. Tantoco for Paulito, but upon reading that Maria is pregnant, Mrs. Tantoco tears it apart — for Paulito has now become her new lover-aide.

Meanwhile, Efren took Paulito's savings that were under the care of Idad. Efren beat her up when she tried to stop him. She thought she had enough and decided to leave, taking their two children with her.

While Efren was busy drinking with his companions, a neighbor told him that his family had already left. In desperation, Efren attempted to chase after the boat carrying Idad and the children, but he drowned in the sea.

Shamed by the pregnancy, Teban and Sioneng abandon their daughter. As the coconuts run out, the villagers gradually leave the island, until only Maria and Bolbot remain. Maria gives birth alone in Teban's house. Meanwhile, Paulito eventually leaves Mrs. Tantoco after realizing he was merely used and degraded by her as a man.

When Maria's newborn child falls ill, she rows a boat to seek help -- despite suffering from postnatal bleeding. Paulito returns to the village but finds Maria gone. Bolbot tells him she has gone to the hospital with the baby.

In the end, Paulito tracks down Maria and their child. Paulito returns to his old job gathering coconuts. During a respite from work, he and Maria took the opportunity to get intimate and intend to have another child.


CAST

Cristina Gonzales ... Maria
Zoren Legaspi    ...    Paulito
Jean Saburit ... Mrs. Tantoco
Bong Regala ... Alex
Bernard Banares ... Bolbot
Ricky Belmonte ... Efren
Dexter Doria ... Idad
Dante Castro ... Teban
Gigette Reyes ... Sioneng


SELECTED CREW

Direction, Story and Screenplay    ...    Mauro Gia Samonte
Cinematography ... Ricardo Jacinto
Musical Direction ... Demet Velasquez
Executive Producer ... Lily Y. Monteverde


NOTES:

*** The film was originally titled Suso't Gata (Tagalog: Snails and Coconut Milk). The title was not approved by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board because of sexual undertones. 

In the Tagalog language, suso with accent in the second syllable means snail; suso pronounced without accent means breast.

*** Some underwater scenes that were supposed to be set in the ocean were shot in what appears to be a swimming pool.

*** As of July 2026, the price of a coconut in a public market is about fifty pesos. 




Sunday, July 12, 2026

Songs for Early Morning Physical Fitness from Yoyoy Villame and Masculados

Every morning, I look out the window and see people beginning their day with exercise in different ways: some are walking, some are running, others are dancing to Zumba, and many more are following their own fitness routines. Almost always, exercise is accompanied by music. Those who walk or run listen privately through their smartphones and earphones, while accompanying music for Zumba fills the air for everyone to hear.

When I think of exercise and music together, two Filipino novelty songs immediately come to mind: Mag-Exercise Tayo (Tagalog: Let's Exercise) by Yoyoy Villame and Titigas, Lalambot (Tagalog: Will Harden, Will Soften) by the all-male group Masculados. Both are catchy and seemingly wholesome in melody, but their underlying messages differ.

Cover of album that carries Mag-Exercise Tayo

Photo Credit: Vicor Music / Deezer

Mag-Exercise Tayo encourages listeners to do morning exercise as preparation for the challenges of a new day. In contrast, Titigas, Lalambot mentions bodily movements considered as exercise but can be interpreted as double entendre and sexual innuendo.


Lyric Video of Mag-Exercise Tayo

Video Credit: Vicor Music / YouTube

Villame's song was released in 1977, during the Bagong Lipunan (Tagalog: New Society) program under the Martial Law regime. According to some accounts, Mag-Exercise Tayo was used in government agencies and public schools as the official tune for morning exercise routines after the flag ceremony. Whether intentional or not, the song aligned with the program's goals of discipline and reform, and it was frequently played on the radio.

Cover of Masculados' Nakaka ..., the album that carries the song Titigas, Lalambot

Photo Credit: Universal Records / Tatak OPM

On the other hand, Masculados' song came out in 2004, at a time when all-female groups such as the Sex Bomb Girls and Viva Hot Babes were enjoying peak popularity. In that context, Titigas, Lalambot may be seen as an attempt to balance the stage by giving male performers their own humorous, sex-oriented anthem. Masculados itself is the masculine answer to those all-female groups.



Together, these songs remind us how exercise and music converge as part of daily ritual. Though they emerged from different times and contexts, both carry the same message: mornings feel lighter when begun with movement accompanied by music—and sometimes, humor.

Mag-Exercise Tayo is nearly half a century old, while Titigas, Lalambot will soon reach a quarter-century. Today, countless songs can serve the same purpose. Yet from past to present, one truth remains: exercise and music are inseparable partners, bringing energy and inspiration to each new day.

Saturday, July 4, 2026

Thoughts on "Muro-Ami" (1999)

It has been a month since we watched the digitally restored and remastered version of the 1999 film  Muro-Ami. As the saying goes, "better late than never," but I still want to share the insights from the Marilou Diaz-Abaya film that struck me. These insights are the reason why I keep revisiting the film again and again.

Poster of the Digitally Restored and Remastered Version of Muro-Ami

Photo Credit: GMA Pictures


The lead character, Fredo (Cesar Montano), is the captain of the fishing boat Aurora. He carries the trauma of losing his family in a sea accident. He turned the sea — ironically the source of life — into the target of his revenge. He also exploited poor children to carry out the destructive fishing practice called muro-ami. The harvesting of resources was indiscriminate, entailing the destruction of coral reefs. For Fredo, this was his way of compensating for the wound left by nature.

The boat Aurora is like a prison in the middle of the sea. The children sleep in cramped quarters, eat leftovers, and face danger every day. The name "Aurora" is ironic — instead of light, it became a stage for darkness and enslavement.

One of the heaviest themes is about parents willingly offering their children to exploitative labor. Not because they want to, but because of extreme poverty. The film shows a cycle of desperation: survival at the cost of childhood.

Let's turn to the two “bald” figures in the film. Fredo is literally bald, a mark of his hardened, tough persona. Kalbo (Rebecca Lusterio) is a young girl who shaved her head to disguise herself as a boy and join the divers. Perhaps Kalbo's innocence allowed her to see that Fredo, whom she admired, carried a deeper wound in his heart. Fredo's fatherly instinct seemed to awaken because of this child.

Kalbo also subverted the superstition that "women are forbidden on boats." Her true identity was revealed when Fredo caught her washing women's underwear. Before this scene, we saw Susan (Amy Austria) boarding the boat to provide companionship for Fredo. But Fredo's need for Susan is beyond the physical: Susan was the best friend of Fredo’s late wife. Through Susan, the memory of his wife remained alive.

On the Aurora, water is a precious resource. The supply of drinking water is thin, so every drop matters. Fredo and his crew are surrounded by the sea, yet they cannot use seawater for their basic needs.

Fredo's iconic line, "Walang mag-aagahan hanggang walang nahuhuling isda!" ("No one eats breakfast until fish are caught!" is a heavy assertion of discipline and control. Food, which should be a basic right, was made conditional — dependent on obedience and productivity. Hunger became a psychological weapon to force the children to work without rest.

The film's setting spans Christmas to New Year. Dado (Pen Medina) asked his son Fredo to return home for the holidays, but Fredo refused: he preferred to chase the quota of 300 to 500 tubs of fish. His line — "Bakit natin hahabulin ang Pasko? Eh kapag naabot niyo naman ang inyong quota, kayo na mismo ang mag-uuwi ng Pasko sa bawat pamilya niyo!" (“Why chase Christmas? If you reach your quota, you’ll be the ones to bring Christmas home to your families!" — reveals twisted logic: Christmas is not a celebration but a reward tied to exploitation.

Botong (Jhong Hilario), Fredo's right-hand man, had his own dream: to leave the boat and work in Saudi Arabia. His desire echoes the diaspora dream of many Filipinos — risk-taking, hoping to find "greener pastures" in the desert. Botong also had flaws: he lusted after Susan and even stole from Fredo. His character shows the ambivalence of people in poverty — simultaneously dreaming and sinning.


I gathered these insights over time, watching Muro-Ami repeatedly in different formats: in theaters in 1999 and 2026, on DVD, and via streaming in between. The film remains one of my favorites because it tackles so many themes beyond the bounty of the sea and child labor. It is a tapestry of exploitation, trauma, and irony:

The sea as ally, enemy, and mirror of wounds. The boat Aurora as microcosm of society. Water and food as metaphors of scarcity and control. Christmas as a family celebration turned into a reward for labor. 

I will never tire of watching it, and I’m sure more insights will emerge in future viewings.



Official Movie Trailer: GMA Pictures / YouTube

Sunday, June 28, 2026

Dried Fish ("Tuyo") Scene in "Si Ayala at si Zobel"

A previous post in this blog commented on the 1994 film Si Ayala at si Zobel. This post will shed light a memorable sequence involving dried fish (locally known as tuyo).

It was around dinnertime and there seems to be a blackout. inside the shanty of the Salipawpaw brothers — Ayala (portrayed by Anjo Yllana) and Zobel (portrayed by Ogie Alcasid) — together with their uncle, Andoy Soriano (Babalu). 

The only "dish" is the smell of the dried fish (tuyo) hanging from the ceiling — not eaten, but sniffed, stared at, and argued over.

Andoy Soriano (portrayed by Babalu) savoring the aroma of tuyo.

Screen Capture: OctoArts Films / YouTube


On the surface, the scene is funny because of its olfactory nature: Andoy inhales the dried fish (tuyo), warns Zobel not to touch or smell it all, and finally, Ayala licks the fish, triggering Andoy's line: "Manlalamang ka eh!" ("You're taking advantage!") 

Yet beneath the laughter is clear social commentary. The tuyo, a cheap food item, is turned into a luxury that ordinary people named Ayala, Zobel, and Soriano must ration among themselves.

The irony of the scene lies in the very names of the characters — inspired by the richest clans in the Philippines. But in the film, they are poor, laid off from work, and living in a shanty. The juxtaposition of elite surnames and slum poverty becomes a satire on social inequality. Instead of enjoying a proper meal, the "Ayalas" and "Zobels" (with Soriano) of the film argue over dried fish (tuyo).


The Salipawpaw brothers being instructed by their uncle on how to "consume" the tuyo.

Screen Capture: OctoArts Films / YouTube


The dried fish (tuyo) becomes a metaphor for scarcity. During petsa de peligro (slang term for days of financial struggle before payday), even simple food becomes the centerpiece of survival. In these days, the wallets of affected people seem to dry as well.

The act of smelling and licking the fish is an exaggerated comic device, but it resonates with the reality of ordinary Filipinos grappling with lack. The dried fish (tuyo) is not just food but a symbol of desperation, frugality, and poverty.

The scene also highlights the tension between luck and hard work. Ayala and Zobel spent their last money on sweepstakes tickets, prompting Andoy's sharp rebuke: "Huwag kayong maniwala sa swerte, magsumikap kayo!" ("Don’t believe in luck, work hard!")

The line is a comic punchline, but on a deeper level, it critiques reliance on luck as a solution to poverty. From the personal experience of “petsa de peligro,” Andoy’s frustration is understandable: when resources are scarce, luck is never enough. For him, the real solution is diligence, perseverance, and effort.

Andoy has a point: diligence, perseverance, and effort are crucial in having a comfortable life. However, luck, circumstances, connections, and privilege also play roles in speeding up the path to that goal.

On a lighter note — have the real-life Ayalas, Zobels, and Sorianos ever tasted dried fish (tuyo)?


Movie Poster

The dried fish (tuyo) scene in Si Ayala at si Zobel is not just funny but a satire on social disparity. By using the surnames of elite families, the film shows that wealth and poverty can swap faces in comedy. The tuyo, a cheap food turned into the centerpiece of dinner, becomes a symbol of survival, scarcity, and the irony of Filipino life in the socioeconomic margins.